Tiffany Vander Laan Due
May 9, 2013
SCORE Research Paper Draft
STEAM
Disciplines in Education Create Functional Citizens and Innovative Workers
The STEAM discipline
of education engages
students in Science and Technology interpreted
through the Engineering and the Arts that is all based in Mathematical elements.1
In contrast to the preceding STEM disciple, the
addition of arts nurtures the development of creativity in children. Arts
provide a vital piece to the educational puzzle because it promotes a more
holistic focus to the student’s development, not just the cognitive,
process-oriented thinker.2 The framework of the STEAM program
promotes an engaging, hands-on and reality-based environment for students.
It is customizable to individual teaching and
learning styles. STEAM provides multidisciplinary-oriented
practices to the fixed realm of education with substantiated,
economical and sociologically adaptable framework for children’s education that
caters to developing students into functional citizens.1
In view of STEAM education, substantiated results show that
STEAM occupations are high-paying, with most having mean wages significantly
above the U.S. average. The STEAM occupation group is defined as consisting of about
one hundred occupations of the technical field in science, technology,
engineering, arts and mathematics that make up about 6 percent of U.S. employment—
nearly 8 million jobs.3 Data from the Occupational Employment
Statistics program and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics show the employment
and demand of occupations in line with STEAM.3, 10 Furthermore, as schools recognize STEAM studies, the existing
gender gap present in the country of students in science, technology,
engineering and math fields has decreased.11 Yale University in New
Haven, Connecticut has the best female representation of senior students in
STEM-related fields than are represented in other colleges and universities
nationwide. Since the last six years, the percentage of female STEM majors at
Yale has hovered between 39 and 46 percent, which is slightly above the
national average. The STEM majors with a female majority are biology and
environmental engineering. In Yale’s 2013 graduating class, 43 percent of STEM
majors were female, as compared to 38 percent nationally. The result of the average STEM job wage
to non-STEM job wage is about 33% higher paying though, which lands
considerably higher than the STEM premium for men. As a result, the gender wage
gap is smaller in STEM jobs that in non-STEM jobs.13 The following
chart provided by the United States Department of Commerce Economic and
Statistics Administration in a published article called “Women in STEM: A
Gender Gap to Innovation” shows how hourly earnings differ by gender and
occupation:

In 2009, women filled less than 25 percent of STEM jobs in
the U.S. economy, according to a 2011 report from the U.S. Department of
Commerce.13 The report also noted that women have a
“disproportionately low share of STEM undergraduate degrees, particularly in
engineering,” but Yale’s School of Engineering and Applied Science countered
that trend last year, when 38 percent of its graduates were women — more than
double the national average for female engineering graduates.12, 13 But
even though the ratio of male to female STEM majors is evening out at Yale,
students say that a noticeable divide remains in post-graduation career
opportunities for men and women in the sciences.11 Possible factors
that may have been contributing to the discrepancy of women and men in STEM
jobs include a lack of female role models in education, gender stereotyping,
and less family-friendly flexibility in the STEM fields of work.14 See
the following charts for representation of gender shares in STEM fields of
occupation versus the STEM degree field shares by gender:


The
disparity between female representation in STEM jobs and non-STEM jobs provides
evidence of the need to encourage and support women in STEM. Even though plenty
of women have the means to achieve a STEM degree, they are “less likely than their
male counterparts to work in a STEM occupation; they are more likely to work in
education or healthcare.” 12
The next graph
displays the share of male and female workers in STEM jobs by the highest
educational degree earned:
It is important
that STEAM education is available to children as it can increase student
engagement, improve academic achievement, and ease the transition to
postsecondary education and employment.4 Making fields of STEAM
available to children would improve the equality of representation and wages
between men and women.
STEAM education is necessary for
the United States’ economic future. We
need STEAM-related talent to compete globally in a world of work that looks for
employees with an educational background in science, technology, engineering,
arts, and mathematics. The 21st century world is becoming
increasingly dependent on accessibility of technology and knowledge of
principles that are emphasized in STEAM. In a press release from the United
States Department of Commerce, the news commerce department published the
following statistics about the benefits of STEM jobs12:
A STEM education
is a pathway to prosperity – not just for you as an individual but for America
as a whole,” U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan said. “We need you in
our classrooms, labs and key government agencies to help solve our biggest
challenges, and that’s why we are investing heavily to promote STEM education.”
Meanwhile, STEM workers are also
less likely to experience joblessness.
“This report
profiles the fast-growing, productive STEM workforce and illustrates how we can
win the future by encouraging the pursuit of 21st century jobs in science,
technology, engineering and mathematics,” U.S. Commerce Secretary Gary Locke
said. “STEM jobs are essential to a competitive, innovative and technologically
advanced U.S. economy.”
President Obama has made science,
technology, engineering and math education a key priority and has laid out an
ambitious goal to move American students from the middle of the pack to the top
of the pack internationally in science and math achievement over the next
decade. Initiatives like Race to the Top and the “Educate to Innovate” campaign
demonstrate the administration’s commitment to making sure Americans get the
science and technology skills they need to fill the jobs of the future.
Sir Ken Robinson argues that
economies do not get the most of its employees because we've been educated to
become good workers, rather than creative thinkers.5 For the United States to remain the global
innovation leader, we must make the most of all of the potential STEAM talent
this country has to offer.
STEAM education
has a tremendous impact on the developmental growth of every child. It prepares
students with capacity to interpret and solve problems with the knowledge of
science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics. Practicing creativity
can promote individualism, self-expression, problem-solving, and improve
overall learning and memory skills.2 The Derby School in Hingham, Massachusetts
constructs its “Innovation Center” with the intent of self-service STEAM
activity: the area is flexible and easy to use for its K-8 students. Local
senior interior designer of OLSON LEWIS + Architects, Michelle Brooks, says
that the Innovation Center project stemmed from a simple renovation plan for
Derby Aademy’s technology lab.8 When principal architect of OLSON
LEWIS + Architects Chris Doktor suggested creating a space that emphasized the
principles of STEAM with a versatile and collaborative space, the team took on
a fast-track approach of an idea that is becoming more popular in schools
across the country. For instance the Nueva School in Hillsorough, California is
a leading pioneer in teaching design thinking and design engineering to
students in grades preK-8 through their nationally recognized independent
school.15 For the Innovation Lab at Derby Academy, Brooks and Doktor
collaborated with colleagues to design the new building with important aspects
of flexibility and mobility of use. The floor plan on the following page shows how architects
designed the space of the Innovation Lab to allow plenty of room and storage,
promoting flexible uses of the space as a classroom, lab, presentation area,
theatre, or function hall:

Enhancing display
space by using the functionality of the walls to place magnetic white boards
and tack boards for presentation of ideas and works was one of the ways Brooks
supported the STEAM principle to engage students in a
hands-on and reality-based environment.8 The operative use of
STEAM in an educational environment can be dependent on the space and
user-friendliness of its activities: spatial design is the “body language” of
an organization.7 The culture of STEAM is
“something to be drawn to in educational classroom settings and in more
professional workspaces” according to Brooks.8 For that reason,
creation of environments that are stimulating and interesting are significant
to the integration of STEAM disciplines in schools as flexibility and a sense
of comfort and support for creative thoughts is an aid to producing innovative
thinking.
It is clear that
the STEAM discipline improves the efficiency of education by engaging students
in curriculum adapted for 21st century values in economy and
sociology. Promoting science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics in
school encourages well-rounded, functional citizens of society. Involvement in
STEAM education supports a structure of learning that could level the
unemployment gap and the gender gap in work fields represented by STEAM degrees.
STEAM education gives students the necessary background in science, technology,
engineering, arts, and mathematics to be competent in the work force and be the
problem-solvers of our future. Underway at the Derby School, the STEAM
disciplines should extend to other organizations of education to benefit the
students and employees of the future.
Annotated Bibliography
Information and sources were found
from the following resources:
1 Yakman,
Georgette. "STEAM: A Framework for Teaching Across the Disciplines." STEAM: A Framework for Teaching
Across the Disciplines. STEAM Education, n.d. Web.
2Moore,
Kimberly S. "Why Settle for STEM? Let's Promote STEAM Disciplines."
Web log post. Psychology Today.
N.p., 25 June 2012. Web.
3Jones,
John, and Audrey Watson. "Science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics (STEM) occupations: a visual essay." Monthly Labor Review.
(2011): 3 . Print.
4Stone,
James. College and Career Ready in the 21st Century: Making High School Matter.
New York: Teachers College Press, 2012. Print.
5Robinson,
Sir Ken, "Ken Robinson Says Schools Kill Creativity." Lecture. 2006. Ken Robinson Says Schools Kill
Creativity. TED Talk, June 2006. Web.
6"Successful
K-12 STEM Education Identifying Effective Approaches in Science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics." STEM
Reports (2011): National Academy of Sciences. Scholarly article accessed from web.
<http://www.stemreports.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/NRC_STEM_2.pdf>.
7Doorley,
Scott, and Scott Witthoft. Make
Space: How to Set the Stage for Creative Collaboration. Hoboken, NJ: John
Wiley & Sons, 2012. Print.
8Interview
with Michele Brooks of OLSON LEWIS + Architects, Manchester, May. 9 May, 2013.
12:30 PM.
9(Potential
in future)Interviews Derby School representative for construction of the
Innovation Center, April-May 2013.
10 United
States. United States Department of Labor. Division of Occupational Employment
Statistics, PSB Suite 2135, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE Washington, DC
20212-0001. Occupational
Employment Statistics. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics; for Sale by the Supt. of
Docs., U.S. G.P.O., Government databse. <http://www.bls.gov/oes/>.
11 Wang,
Clinton. "Menu." Yale Daily News. Yale University, 21 Sept. 2012.
Web. 09 May 2013.
12 Duncan,
Arne. "New Commerce Department Report Shows Fast-Growing STEM Jobs Offer
Higher Pay, Lower Unemployment." The United States Department of Commerce,
14 July 2011. Web. 09 May 2013.
13 Doms, Mark. "Women in STEM: An
Opportunity and An Imperative." The United States Department of Commerce,
3 Aug. 2011. Web.
14 Beede, David, Tiffany
Julian, David Langdon, George McKittrick, Beehika Khan, and Mark Doms.
"Economics and Statistics Administration." Women in STEM: A Gender Gap to Innovation. U.S. Department of
Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration, 3 August 2011. Web.
15 "The Nueva
School - Innovation Lab." The Nueva
School - Innovation Lab. The Nueva School, 2013. Web.